Asthma In Adults: Understanding Triggering Factors To Avoid Unexpected Attacks

16 July 2024

An individual may experience cough, shortness of breath, chest tightness, or wheezing when they are fatigued.

However, these symptoms may also indicate a more serious problem such as asthma.

Asthma is a condition characterised by inflammation that narrows the airways. This chronic inflammation can lead to symptoms such as shortness of breath, coughing, and wheezing, producing a whistling sound during breathing.

Dr Lim Eu Jack, consultant emergency physician at Sunway Medical Centre, explained that asthma is not a congenital disease, but it may develop later in life.

“Asthma attacks can occur in children or teenagers, and even in adulthood. For example, individuals with a family history of asthma or has allergic rhinitis; eczema or also known as atopic dermatitis is at higher risk of developing asthma in their lifetime,” he said.

The type of asthma you have depends on how your asthma presents and what triggers your symptoms, for example: 

• Allergies, for example to pollen or animal fur.
• Environmental factors such as extreme cold weather, air pollution with dust and smoke, or infection.
• Occupational factors, for example, prolonged exposure to inhaled irritants at the workplace, such as smoke, chemicals, debris, or waste products like sawdust or iron powder. 
• Physical activity that is too strenuous. 
• Respiratory infection.
• Pregnancy.

If exposed to certain trigger factors, a person at risk may show symptoms of an asthma attack such as breathing difficulty, productive cough, wheezing, bluish lips, or if worse, can result in altered mental consciousness.

In order to diagnose asthma and differentiate it from other respiratory conditions, a respiratory specialist can identify asthma with a spirometry test on the patient by assessing the lung function and identifying the condition of their airways.

Dr Lim said that an asthma attack can last from several minutes to hours or even days.

The severity of the attack, ranging from mild to severe, depends on the extend of continuous exposure to triggers.

“If the patient remains in an environment that can trigger symptoms, such as a construction site where there is a lot of dust, then the symptoms will persist or may become more severe.”

In addition, individuals should be aware of their own health history and that of their family to avoid any unexpected issues, especially with history of asthma.

Treatment

The first step in treating asthma is to avoid factors that can trigger an attack. For instance, If the patient smokes or vapes, they should quit smoking. 

According to the guidelines issued by the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), a body established in collaboration with the United States National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and the US National Institute of Health with the World Health Organization (WHO), asthma cannot be cured; however, the symptoms can be controlled with the right treatment and proper prevention.

There are two types of inhalers available for asthma patients:

• Controller or preventor for ongoing asthma control, which needs to be taken consistently according to the scheduled time, even when there are no symptoms.
• Reliever or rescue is taken to relieve symptoms when an asthma attack occurs.

“The reliever inhaler, usually available in blue, contains short acting beta agonist containing Salbutamol which is also known as Ventolin. It is a bronchodilator-type inhaler that is used to widen the airways during an attack.

Meanwhile, preventive inhalers are usually orange or brown in colour with corticosteroid content and its function is to reduce inflammation in the respiratory tract.

Both types of inhalers are also available with metered doses to make it easier to monitor the volume of the content,” explained Dr Lim.

An untreated or poorly controlled asthma attack can pose a serious risk to the patient’s life, especially if they experience status asthmaticus.

This severe asthma attack can result in insufficient airflow to the lungs and respiratory failure. It can also lead to hypoxemia, a condition characterized by a lack of oxygen in the blood.

Asthma will not directly weaken the immune system, but uncontrolled asthma can cause impaired lung function over time, which may weaken the body’s immune system and increase the risk of infection. Asthma is not a contagious disease.

Prevention

In order to improve the quality of life of asthma patients, Dr Lim advises adopting a healthy lifestyle and avoiding factors that trigger symptoms to reduce the risk of asthma attack.

“The misconception that asthma patients cannot exercise is incorrect.  In fact, they are even highly encouraged to exercise provided it is done properly.

“Exercise can strengthen respiratory muscles, improve cardiovascular endurance, and help maintain an ideal body weight.

“Most importantly, always start with warm-up stretching before starting any exercise.

“Also, practise a balanced diet and consume food which are rich in antioxidants, vitamin D and omega 3 oils such as salmon, chia seeds, or flaxseeds to improve overall health.”

Source: OVA

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