Movement disorders, such as dystonia and spasms, are primarily neurological issues arising from complications within the nervous system. Among these, the most prevalent disorders include Hemifacial Spasms, Blepharospasm (Eyelid Twitches), and Spasmodic Torticollis (Cervical Dystonia).
Hemifacial Spasms (HFS)
Hemifacial Spasms, commonly developing from the age of 40, tend to occur more frequently in women. These spasms involve involuntary, irregular muscle contractions on one side of the face, either as single intense contractions or repeated rhythmic ones.
Causes
HFS often results from facial nerve irritation due to blood vessel compression. Other contributing factors may include cholesteatoma, acoustic neuroma, facial nerve neuroma, and adenoid cystic tumors.
Treatment Options
- Medication: Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections significantly enhance life quality, with effects noticeable within 1-3 days and peaking at around two weeks.
- Surgical Approach: Microvascular decompression, involving an incision behind the ear, is a prevalent surgical option.
Blepharospasm (Eyelid Twitches)
Affecting the orbicularis oculi eye muscles, Blepharospasm leads to repetitive blinking or prolonged eyelid closure. Onset typically occurs after 40, predominantly in women.
Causes
- Benign Essential Blepharospasm: The root causes are unknown, but stress and fatigue can exacerbate the condition.
- Secondary Blepharospasm: Results from brain damage due to inflammation, damaged blood vessels, or inherited metabolic or neurodegenerative disorders.
Treatment Methods
- Botulinum toxin (BoNT): BoNT/A injections offer relief for 72% to 93% of patients, lasting 12 to 16 weeks.
Spasmodic Torticollis (Cervical Dystonia)
This common muscle contraction disorder, more likely in women, is characterized by involuntary contractions in the neck and shoulder muscles, causing the head to twist or adopt abnormal postures.
Causes
- Genetic Factors
- Medication Side-Effects
- Environmental Influences
Treatment Strategies
- Oral Medication and Physical Therapy: Aims to correct posture and alleviate neck pain.
- Botulinum toxin (BoNT): Highly effective with minimal side effects.
- Surgical Interventions: Considered for more severe cases.
